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The roof ridge is the top horizontal or sloping edge formed by the intersection of two roof slopes. This element is not only an architectural completion of the roof structure but also performs a number of critically important technical functions, the correct implementation of which determines the durability of the entire roof and the comfort conditions inside the building. Structurally, the ridge is the highest element of the roof, which predetermines its exposure to maximum wind loads, precipitation, and temperature fluctuations. The main functional purpose of the ridge is to ensure effective ventilation of the under-roof space, which is a mandatory requirement for most types of pitched roofs, especially those using hygroscopic insulation and wooden truss systems. Through the ridge, moist air coming from the eaves overhangs is exhausted, preventing condensation on the inner surface of the waterproofing, rotting of wooden structures, and reduction of the insulating properties of the insulation.
In addition to the ventilation function, the ridge plays a key role in protecting the internal roof space from the penetration of atmospheric moisture, dust, insects, and small birds. It closes the technological gap that is necessarily left between roofing materials at the junction of slopes to compensate for thermal expansion and ensure air circulation. Without a properly arranged ridge detail, this gap becomes a vulnerable point through which rain and snow can be blown under the roof, inevitably leading to leaks. Thus, the ridge is a finishing, sealing, and ventilating element simultaneously. Its design and the materials used for its covering must always correspond to the type of main roofing covering, both visually and technically, ensuring a unified, reliable system.
Historically, ridges were made from the same materials as the roof: on thatched and reed roofs, it was a specially woven rope; on wooden shingle roofs — special ridge boards; on ceramic tile roofs — special ridge tiles. With the development of roofing technologies and the emergence of new materials (metal tiles, corrugated sheets, bituminous shingles, composite tiles), the range of ridge elements has expanded significantly. Today, for each type of roofing, manufacturers offer specialized ridge strips or set elements that are part of the roofing system and designed for perfect joining with the main material. The variety of solutions allows not only to ensure technical reliability but also to give the roof a finished aesthetic appearance, emphasize its style and architectural features.
The importance of competent selection and installation of ridge covering cannot be overestimated. Errors at this stage negate all the advantages of an expensive roofing system, as it is precisely through a non-hermetic or improperly ventilated ridge that the main heat loss occurs in winter and moisture penetrates. Designing the ridge detail begins at the stage of calculating the truss system, since the height and shape of the ridge directly depend on the slope angle of the slopes. During installation, it is necessary to strictly follow the technological recommendations of the roofing material manufacturer, since even minor deviations can disrupt the ventilation regime or tightness. In this article, we will consider in maximum detail all aspects related to coverings for the roof ridge: from their types and materials to step-by-step installation technology and common mistakes.
Classification of Ridge Coverings by Type of Roofing Material
The choice of ridge covering is derived from the main roofing material, since the key requirement is to ensure complete compatibility in terms of the coefficient of thermal expansion, color, texture, and method of fastening. Each type of roofing dictates its own features of the ridge design and materials for its finishing. For metal roofs, which include roofs made of metal tiles and corrugated sheets, the ridge covering is typically a long accessory part (ridge strip) made of the same steel sheet with the same protective and decorative polymer coating. The cross-sectional shape of such a strip can be different: a simple rectangular angle (simple ridge), rounded (semi-circular ridge), shaped (decorative ridge, for example, U-shaped). Semi-circular ridges are often equipped with end caps to protect the cuts from moisture ingress and give a finished look.
For metal roofs, ridge strips with ventilation holes or special perforated seals along the edges are also used. This is necessary to ensure the unhindered exit of air from the under-roof space while protecting it from snow and rain ingress. An important element of the system are sealing tapes (universal or profiled), which are installed under the ridge strip, filling the gap between its plane and the profile of the metal tile. They prevent snow and raindrops from being blown under the ridge while maintaining its ventilation properties. For roofs made of natural (ceramic or cement-sand) tiles, the ridge is finished with special ridge tiles. They have a special shape, often rounded, and are laid on top of the main covering. Installation is carried out on mortar or using special mechanical fasteners (clamps, wire), and a ventilation roll material or an aero-element is placed under them on the ridge beam to ensure air exit.
Flexible bituminous shingles require their own approach. The ridge on such a roof is finished either with special ridge/eaves shingles or by cutting regular shingles into three parts. Ridge/eaves shingles are narrow rectangular elements with a self-adhesive layer applied over the entire area. They are folded in half along the long side and laid on a pre-prepared ridge, overlapping each other. This method provides excellent tightness and allows hiding mechanical fasteners (nails). For standing seam roofs, which are a continuous metal sheet, the ridge is formed directly from the main material during installation. The edges of the roofing sheets at the ridge are connected using a special seam (double standing seam), creating an absolutely tight and durable connection without the use of additional strips.
Slate (asbestos-cement) and slate roofs also have their own characteristics. On slate roofs, the ridge is traditionally closed with special shaped elements made of the same asbestos-cement — semi-circular or angular. In modern practice, for repairs or cost reduction, galvanized or painted ridge strips are often used on top of old slate. Slate roofing, being an elite piece material, requires an artistic approach: the ridge is laid out from special slate tiles of complex shape, which can form a scaly, stepped, or other decorative pattern. Composite tiles, imitating natural ones, use for the ridge metal strips stylized as tiles, or set elements from the main material with special fasteners. Thus, the market offers a specialized solution for each type of covering, and their mixing is unacceptable due to the risk of electrochemical corrosion (for metals) or loss of tightness.
Materials for the Manufacture of Ridge Elements and Their Properties
The materials used for the production of ridge coverings directly determine their durability, appearance, cost, and compatibility with the main roof. The choice of material is usually predetermined by the type of roofing covering, but in some cases, alternative options are possible, requiring careful analysis. The most widely used are ridge elements made of galvanized steel with a polymer coating. This is the standard solution for metal tiles, corrugated sheets, and composite tiles. The base is cold-rolled steel with a thickness of 0.4-0.5 mm, coated with a layer of zinc for corrosion protection. On top of the zinc, a primer and a colored polymer coating are applied — polyester (PE), matt polyester (MPE), plastisol (PVC), pural (Pural). The polymer layer provides color fastness to ultraviolet light and mechanical strength. Such ridges are lightweight, strong, affordable, and have perfect color matching with the main roofing sheet.
Aluminum ridge strips are distinguished by exceptional corrosion resistance and low weight. They do not rust, only becoming covered with a natural oxide film. Aluminum is often used in aggressive environments (coastal regions, industrial zones) and for the installation of ventilated ridges of complex shape. Colored coating on aluminum is applied by powder coating, providing a rich palette and good adhesion. However, aluminum is softer than steel, so such strips require more careful handling during transportation and installation. Copper ridges are a premium, durable, and aesthetic solution. Over time, copper becomes covered with a noble patina, changing color from copper to greenish-malachite. Copper ridges are often used on standing seam roofs, roofs made of natural tiles or slate as part of design projects. They have a bacteriostatic effect, require no maintenance, and last over 100 years. Disadvantages include very high cost and the need for insulation from contact with other metals to avoid electrochemical corrosion.
Zinc-titanium alloys are a high-tech material for ridges, possessing a unique ability to self-heal minor scratches due to the formation of zinc carbonates on the surface. Such ridges last for decades, have a modern appearance, and are used on architecturally significant objects. For natural tiles, ridge elements are made of fired clay (ceramics) or compacted cement-sand mixture. Their properties are identical to those of the main tile: high strength, frost resistance, environmental friendliness, but at the same time, heavy weight and fragility. The color can be natural (shades of fired clay) or applied using engobe (colored clay composition) or glaze. Slate ridges are carved from natural natural slate — a metamorphic rock. This is the most expensive and durable material, requiring the work of highly qualified craftsmen. Slate is not susceptible to environmental influences, has a noble appearance, and has an almost eternal service life.
Polymer materials have also found their application in the production of ridge elements. For bituminous shingles, ridge elements consist of the same composite: fiberglass mat impregnated with modified bitumen with mineral granules. For plastic roofs (e.g., PVC tiles), ridges are made of the same polyvinyl chloride with UV stabilizers. There are also universal flexible ridge elements based on aluminum foil or lead tape, which can be formed on-site to seal complex joints on roofs of irregular shape. When choosing ridge material, it is critically important to consider its compatibility with the roofing covering in terms of the coefficient of linear expansion. Different materials react differently to heating and cooling, which can lead to ruptures of fasteners or deformations. It is also important to consider the aggressiveness of the environment: in industrial areas or near the sea, preference should be given to materials with high corrosion resistance — aluminum, copper, zinc-titanium, or polymers.
Structural Types of Ridges: From Simple to Ventilated
The structural design of the ridge can vary significantly depending on its functions, roof type, and aesthetic requirements. The simplest structural type is the straight (angled) ridge. It is a simple metal angle that simply covers the junction of two slopes. Such a ridge performs mainly a protective function, preventing water from flowing into the gap between the slopes, but its ventilation capabilities are minimal. Most often, simple angled ridges are used on outbuildings, garages, and also on roofs with a cold attic, where the requirements for under-roof ventilation are not so critical. The semi-circular (segmental) ridge has the shape of a circular arc in cross-section. It is more aesthetic, more streamlined by the wind, and less prone to deformation from thermal expansions due to its shape. Under such a ridge, a special seal is usually laid, repeating the profile of the roofing material, which provides better protection against snow blowing.
The shaped (decorative) ridge has a complex cross-section, often imitating artistic forging, wood carving, or traditional elements of folk architecture (for example, a “ridge” in the form of a bird or animal on Russian huts). Such ridges perform not only a technical but also a pronounced aesthetic function, being an accent of the roof. They can be made of forged metal, copper, composite materials. The ribbed (rectangular) ridge is a U-shaped profile with wide flanges. It creates clear geometric lines and is often used on modern architectural forms in the high-tech style. The ventilated (perforated) ridge is perhaps the most important type from a technical point of view for insulated pitched roofs. Its key feature is the presence of continuous ventilation gaps along the edges or in the center. These gaps allow moist air from the under-roof space to escape unhindered, even when the ridge is covered with snow.
Structurally, a ventilated ridge can be made in the form of a strip with a special perforated rib or in the form of a system where the ridge strip itself is mounted with a gap above a special ventilation roll material (aero-element) laid along the ridge. Such an aero-element allows vapor to pass through but retains water, snow, and insects. For different types of roofing, there are their own ventilated ridge systems. For example, for flexible shingles, it can be a plastic or polymer ventilation ridge with internal channels, which is installed before laying the ridge shingles. For metal tiles — a ridge strip with a ventilation gap closed by a mesh or seal with a porous structure. T-shaped and Y-shaped ridges are used in places of complex intersection of roof slopes, for example, when the ridge of a hip roof adjoins the main ridge or when three slopes converge. These are complex accessory elements that require precise fitting on-site and are often made individually.
Separately, it is worth mentioning ridges for flat and low-slope roofs, which are more correctly called parapets or flashings. They protect the horizontal end of the roof assembly from environmental influences. For Euro slate (ondulin) and similar corrugated bituminous sheets, special flexible ridge elements made of the same material are used, which can be given the desired shape due to their plasticity when heated. Thus, the variety of structural types of ridges allows solving any technical task: from ensuring maximum ventilation to creating a unique architectural appearance of the building. The choice of a specific type depends on the slope angle of the slopes, the presence of insulation, climatic conditions (snow and wind load), and, of course, the aesthetic preferences of the customer.
Installation Technology for Ridges on Various Types of Roofs
The installation of ridge covering is the final but extremely important stage of roof construction. The technology differs significantly depending on the type of main roofing material, and non-compliance can lead to a violation of tightness and ventilation. The general principle for all types of roofs is that the ridge is installed after the complete laying of the roofing covering on the slopes, but before the installation of snow guards and penetrations. Before starting work, it is necessary to ensure that the upper edges of the slopes at the ridge are at the same level and form a straight line. For this purpose, during the installation of the sheathing under the ridge, an additional ridge beam or a double board is often installed, which levels the plane and serves as a base for fastening.
For roofs made of metal tiles and corrugated sheets, the installation of the ridge begins with the laying of the seal. The seal can be universal (porous) or profiled, exactly repeating the shape of the wave of the roofing material. It is laid continuously along the entire ridge on both sides. Next, the ridge strip is lifted. Installation starts from the side opposite to the prevailing wind direction so that the overlaps of subsequent elements are not lifted by the wind. The strip is attached to the sheathing (ridge beam) through the upper wave of the roofing sheet using long roofing screws with EPDM washers. The screws are screwed not into the crest of the wave but into its flat part located closer to the ridge. The fastening step is usually 300-400 mm. The next strip is laid with an overlap of 100-150 mm. The ends of semi-circular ridges are closed with special end caps, which are also fastened with screws. It is important not to overtighten the screws to avoid deforming the strip or damaging the polymer coating.
On a roof made of flexible bituminous shingles, the technology is different. First, along the ridge on both sides of the slopes, the shingles are trimmed so that an open strip of the base (underlayment) about 150-200 mm wide remains. Then the installation of ridge elements begins. Most often, special ridge/eaves shingles are used. Each such element is separated along the perforation into three parts. The protective film is removed from the adhesive layer, then the element is folded in half so that the short side is on one side of the ridge and the long side on the other. Installation also starts from the leeward side. The first element is fastened, protruding 20-30 mm beyond the end of the roof, and nailed with two nails on each side (4 nails in total). The next element is laid with an overlap of 50-70 mm, completely covering the fastening points of the previous one. Thus, the nails are always under the next shingle, ensuring tightness.
For natural tiles, the ridge detail requires preparation of a supporting base. A wooden block of triangular cross-section is often nailed to the ridge beam to create support for the rounded shape of the ridge tile. Then, a roll ventilation material or a plastic ventilation ridge is rolled out along the ridge. Ridge tiles are laid on a cement-sand mortar on top of this ventilation element or mechanically fastened using special clamps or galvanized wire tied to the sheathing. The joints between the tiles are filled with the same mortar. In modern systems, special plastic holders are used, which are attached to the sheathing, and the tile simply snaps into them. This method is faster and does not require working with mortar. On standing seam roofs, the ridge is formed during the joining of the sheets. The edges of the metal panels at the ridge are bent upwards, and then a special ridge cleat (a detachable element) is put on them, or the edges are connected to each other using a double standing seam with special equipment. This creates a monolithic, non-detachable seam.
When installing any type of ridge, it is critically important to ensure the continuity of the ventilation channel. It is unacceptable for the seal, mounting foam, or accumulated debris to block the path of air from the under-roof space. It is also necessary to observe the temperature regime: some materials (for example, bituminous shingles) require installation at positive temperatures to activate the self-adhesive layer. Work should be carried out in dry, windless weather. After installation, it is necessary to visually check the straightness of the ridge line from all sides, the reliability of the fasteners, and the integrity of all elements. A properly installed ridge not only completes the appearance of the roof but also guarantees its long and flawless service.
Seals and Additional Elements for the Ridge Detail
The ridge detail is not limited to just the strip or tile itself. For its correct and long-term operation, various auxiliary elements are used, the main among which are seals. Ridge seals solve two main tasks: they prevent the penetration of precipitation (snow, rain) and insects under the roof, but at the same time should not impede the free exit of water vapor from the ventilated under-roof space. Universal (porous) seal is made of polyurethane foam (PUR) or foamed polyethylene. It has a porous structure, which, due to open cells, allows air to pass through but retains water droplets and snowflakes. Such a seal can be used with any profile of roofing material, as it is easily compressed. However, its effectiveness is lower than that of profiled analogues, and over time the pores can become clogged with dust.
Profiled seals are produced specifically for a specific profile of metal tiles or corrugated sheets (for example, profiles Monterrey, Supermonterrey, Cascade). They exactly repeat the shape of the wave of the roofing sheet, ensuring maximum tightness and, consequently, better protection against blowing. Such seals often have a self-adhesive base for easy installation. There are also self-expanding seals on an acrylic or butyl rubber basis, which increase in volume after installation, completely filling the gap. For ridges of natural tiles, roll diffusion membranes with a voluminous structure (aero-elements) are often used as a seal and ventilation element. They are laid under the ridge tile, creating a channel for air exit along the entire length of the ridge. Such membranes have high vapor permeability but are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water.
In addition to seals, important additional elements include ridge ventilation boxes and aerators. They are plastic or metal structures that are installed directly on the ridge beam before installing the ridge strip. Their internal structure includes labyrinthine channels and filters that ensure intensive air exit even in strong wind or snow cover. Such systems are especially relevant for roofs of complex shape with insufficient natural draft. End caps for semi-circular ridges are also a mandatory element. They protect the open cut of the ridge strip from water and debris ingress inside and give the node a finished look. Caps can be flat and three-dimensional; they are often fastened with latches or screws.
For fastening ridge strips, especially in regions with high wind loads, reinforced roofing screws 80-100 mm long with an enlarged head and reliable EPDM washer are used. For natural tile ridges, galvanized nails, clamps, wire, or special plastic clips are used. An important element is also the ridge beam, which serves as the base for fastening. It should be made of dry wood and treated with an antiseptic. In some systems, special metal brackets adjustable in height are used instead of a beam. One should not forget about fire breaks in the ridge for roofs made of combustible materials. These are gaps in the ridge element filled with non-combustible material (mineral wool), which prevent the spread of flame through the under-roof space. Thus, a quality ridge detail is always a system of complementary elements, selected in accordance with the type of roofing and operating conditions.
Ventilation Function of the Ridge and Its Implementation
Ventilation of the under-roof space is a physiological need of an insulated pitched roof, without which its durable and correct operation is impossible. The ridge plays the role of an exhaust outlet in this process, completing the natural convective system where air intake is carried out through openings in the eaves (soffits). The principle of operation is based on the draft effect arising from the difference in temperature and pressure: warm moist air from the interior, having passed through the vapor barrier and insulation, rises up the ventilation gap between the waterproofing and the roofing covering and exits through the ridge. If this system does not work, moisture condenses on the inner side of the roofing covering and structural elements, leading to a number of problems.
For effective ventilation through the ridge, several conditions must be met. The first condition is the presence of a continuous and unobstructed ventilation channel from the eaves to the ridge. This means that the waterproofing membrane must be laid with a sag (for draining possible condensation), and the ventilation gap (usually 40-50 mm) must be maintained over the entire area of the slope. The second condition is a sufficient area of ventilation outlets. According to building codes, the total area of exhaust ventilation openings (in the ridge) should be approximately equal to or slightly less than the area of intake openings (in the eaves). This ensures balance and prevents the formation of backdraft. In practice, the ventilation area of the ridge is calculated based on the total roof area, slope angle, and type of under-roof space (cold attic or insulated attic).
The third condition is the correct structural design of the ridge itself as a ventilation element. A simple angled ridge, tightly adhering to the roof, does not provide ventilation. For this, special solutions are needed: ridge strips with perforation, ventilation rolls under the ridge, or installation of the ridge with a gap covered by an insect mesh. Modern ventilated ridge systems use the labyrinth principle, where the outlet is protected from direct wind blowing, snow, and rain by a system of partitions and filters. This allows the ridge to work even in difficult weather conditions. The fourth condition is the absence of obstacles. A common mistake is blocking the ventilation outlet with insulation, mounting foam, construction debris, or snow drifts. This is especially true for roofs with a low slope, where snow can completely cover the ridge.
The effectiveness of ventilation can be assessed visually in cold weather: on a well-ventilated roof, the snow on the slopes lies evenly, not melting from below, and large icicles do not form on the eaves. If areas with melted snow (so-called “warm spots”) are visible on the roof, and clusters of icicles hang from the eaves, this is a sure sign of insufficient ventilation and high heat loss. Modern ventilated ridge systems allow solving these problems. They are designed as part of a comprehensive roofing system and often require the installation of special elements (deflectors, aerators) on the ridge to enhance draft on long or complex roofs. Sometimes, with insufficient natural draft, it is necessary to resort to forced ventilation using roof fans, including those installed in the ridge area. Thus, the ventilation function of the ridge is not an additional option but a mandatory engineering requirement, the quality of which determines the microclimate throughout the house and the service life of expensive structures.
Aesthetic Aspects and Design of Ridge Coverings
The ridge, being the highest point of the building, is always in sight and largely forms the overall perception of the architectural appearance of the structure. Therefore, in addition to purely technical characteristics, its aesthetic qualities are of great importance: shape, color, texture, and decorative details. In the traditional architecture of different peoples, special attention was paid to the ridge; often it was given a sacred meaning. On Russian huts, the ridge (okhlupen) was often topped with a carved figure of a horse, bird, or solar symbol, which was associated with pagan and later Christian beliefs. In Scandinavian and Alpine architecture, decorative elements in the form of dragon heads, crosses, or weathervanes were installed on ridges, which also served as wind indicators.
In modern architecture, the aesthetics of the ridge are often subordinated to the general principles of the building’s style. For houses in a classical style with ceramic tiles, smooth, rounded ridge shapes are appropriate, sometimes with a rustic (aged) surface. The chalet style is characterized by massive wooden ridge beams protruding beyond the gables. Modern styles (minimalism, high-tech) require simple, geometrically clear lines: sharp angles, flat ribbed ridges, made in the color of the main roof or, conversely, contrasting (for example, a black ridge on light gray metal tiles). The color scheme of the ridge is a powerful design tool. Most often, the ridge is made in the color of the main covering to create a unified monolithic image. However, the use of a contrasting color allows visually changing the proportions of the roof: a light ridge on a dark roof visually raises the roof, a dark one on a light roof makes it more squat and solid.
The texture of the material also plays a role. A smooth polymer layer on a metal ridge creates a modern, technological look. Copper patina or aged zinc-titanium gives the roof aristocracy and historical value. The rough surface of natural tiles or slate adds naturalness and environmental friendliness. Decorative elements on the ridge are experiencing a new wave of popularity. These can be forged crests, weathervanes with a family coat of arms, glass or ceramic ball finials, as well as functional elements combined with decorative ones, for example, ridge aerators stylized as forged ornaments. In the architecture of country houses, double or triple ridges are not uncommon, when the roof consists of several volumes of different heights. In this case, it is important to maintain the unity of style of all ridges so that the roof looks holistic.
When choosing the design of a ridge, it is also necessary to consider the scale of the building and the roof. On a small roof, a large decorative ridge will look bulky, and on a large, low-slope roof, a thin, miniature ridge will simply get lost. Designers often use the rule: the height of the ridge element (from the roof to the top point) should visually correlate with the height of the gable and the overall dimensions of the house. Ultimately, working on the aesthetics of the ridge is a search for a balance between historical traditions, modern trends, the personal preferences of the customer, and, of course, technical feasibility. A well-chosen ridge element becomes that very finishing detail that turns a simple roof into an exquisite “fifth façade” of the building.
Common Mistakes During Ridge Installation and Operation
Despite its apparent simplicity, the installation of the ridge detail is associated with many typical errors that subsequently lead to serious problems. One of the most common mistakes is the complete absence of a ventilation gap or its blockage. Installers, striving for maximum tightness, sometimes lay the ridge strip directly on the roofing covering, blow all the cracks with mounting foam, or use a continuous impermeable seal. As a result, moisture accumulating under the roof finds no way out, leading to condensation, wetting of the insulation, and rotting of wooden structures. The reverse mistake is leaving too large unprotected gaps for “ventilation,” through which snow and rain are blown under the roof.
The second group of errors is related to improper fastening. For metal ridges, this is the use of screws that are too short and do not reach the sheathing, or, conversely, excessively long ones that can damage the vapor barrier or interior finish. Fastening with screws into the crest of the metal tile wave, rather than into the flat part, leads to insufficient connection strength, and the ridge can be torn off by strong wind. Often, installers save on fasteners, installing them at a pitch of 1 meter or more, which also does not ensure reliability. For a soft roof, a mistake is an insufficient number of nails on the ridge shingle or laying elements without overlap, which allows water access to the fastening points.
The third typical problem is ignoring the recommendations for installation direction. Laying ridge elements against the prevailing wind direction causes air currents to try to penetrate under the overlaps, which over time can tear off the strips or break the tightness. It is equally important to start installation from the correct end of the roof so that the last element does not turn out to be cut and ugly. The fourth mistake is the mismatch of the ridge element to the roof profile. Installing a ridge intended for one metal tile profile on another profile leads to poor adhesion and, as a consequence, to snow blowing, even if a seal is used. The same applies to seals: using universal foam on a complex profile often turns out to be ineffective.
Errors when working with natural tiles are often associated with incorrect mortar preparation (using cement without plasticizers, leading to cracking) or the absence of mechanical fastening, causing ridge tiles to slide off over time. At the operation stage, the main mistake is neglecting regular inspection and maintenance of the ridge. Ventilation holes clogged with leaves and pine needles, bent or corroded strips, peeling paint — all this requires timely intervention. Many owners try to seal supposed cracks in the ridge with sealant or mounting foam, completely blocking ventilation, which only worsens the problem. Another operational mistake is walking on the ridge to install antennas or clean chimneys without using special walkways, which leads to deformation of the ridge elements and violation of the tightness of the flashings. These errors can be avoided only by strictly following the installation technology, using quality materials that match the main covering, and involving qualified specialists familiar with the features of a specific roofing system.